Olive pit–derived carbon nanodots as fluorescent probes for trifluralin determination in water and vegetables
Microchemical Journal, cilt.229, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 229
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.119608
- Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Carbon nanodot, Fluorescence sensor, Olive pit, Pesticide detection, Pyrolysis, Trifluralin
- Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study presents an innovative approach that integrates sustainable material production with environmental monitoring by employing carbon nanodots (CNDs) synthesized from olive pits for the determination of the pesticide trifluralin. The CNDs were obtained via pyrolysis and comprehensively characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The fluorescent CNDs exhibited pronounced quenching in the presence of trifluralin, and the underlying quenching mechanism was systematically investigated using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime measurements, spectral overlap analysis, inner filter effect (IFE) assessment, and temperature-dependent Stern–Volmer analysis. The combined experimental results excluded FRET as the dominant quenching pathway and indicated that the fluorescence quenching cannot be explained solely by the inner filter effect, supporting a predominantly static, site-selective photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. Selectivity investigations demonstrated negligible interference from other pesticides and species. The developed spectrofluorimetric method was successfully applied to the determination of trifluralin in tap water, red cabbage, and carrot samples. The method exhibited a linear response in the range of 1.0–30.0 mg L−1, with limits of detection of 0.34, 0.51, and 0.48 mg L−1, and limits of quantification of 1.03, 1.53, and 1.43 mg L−1 for tap water, carrot, and red cabbage, respectively. These findings highlight that CNDs derived from waste olive pits provide an environmentally friendly, rapid, selective, and sensitive fluorescent sensing platform for applications in water and food safety.