Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
The 6th International Conference of Materials and Engineering Technology (TICMET'25), Gaziantep, Türkiye, 6 - 09 Ekim 2025, ss.330, (Özet Bildiri)
The high demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially from electric vehicles, raises significant issues about the raw material, environmental degradation, and end-of-life management. Closed-loop cathode recycling provides a sustainable solution, reducing environmental impact and dependence on these resources. This study reviews different methodologies for recycling of discarded LIB cathode materials in a closed loop, such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct regeneration. Pyrometallurgical techniques that have been used in industry for a long time consume a lot of energy and often lose lithium to slag. However, recently proposed methods like reductive calcination are promising in terms of energy consumption. Hydrometallurgical processes can recycle a considerably higher amount of lithiumyet they use a lot of chemicals and water, which can hurt the environment. Direct recycling, which relithiates and thermally treats spent cathodes, has the lowest environmental impact and retains 80–90% capacity yet it requires perfect feedstock control. Life-cycle assessments of LIBs show that closed-loop recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 50– 80% and water usage by 72–88% over primary material extraction. Industrial examples like Redwood Materials and Li-Cycle demonstrate the scalability and economic feasibility of these recycling streams, with process costs ranging from $26 to $7,000 per tonne depending on technology. The study also looks at whether the long-term benefits of electric vehicles over conventional vehicles make up for the environmental costs of making LIBs. Evidence suggests that even after manufacturing and recycling, electric vehicles reduce life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, integrating a closed-loop LIB recycling into the supply chains is crucial for making a shift to sustainable energy storage. Keywords: Circular economy,Lithium-ion battery,Hydrometallurgy,Pyrometallurgy,Recycling.