Real world emission measurements of harbor tugboats during transient maneuver operations
Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, cilt.287, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 287
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.122483
- Dergi Adı: Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Combustion emissions, Harbor tugboat engines, Load resolved emission factors, Portable emission measurement systems, Transient load effects
- Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Accurate characterization of harbor tugboat emissions remains limited due to the scarcity of high-resolution measurements under transient real-world operating conditions. This study investigates the effects of transient engine loading on emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) based on onboard measurements conducted on 17 harbor tugboats operating across seven major ports in Türkiye. Emissions were measured using a Testo 350 Maritime analyzer compliant with MARPOL Annex VI and the NOx Technical Code 2008, with synchronized 1 Hz measurements and quality assurance procedures applied throughout the campaign. Following data processing and quality control, 41,038 valid observations were retained for analysis. Instantaneous mass emission rates and corresponding load-dependent emission factors were derived from measured gas concentrations and exhaust flow parameters and aggregated within four engine load bands (0–25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, and 75–100%). Results showed pronounced load-dependent variability for all pollutants. NOx emission factors ranged from 11.6 to 26.5 g·kWh⁻1, while CO emissions (3.4–5.5 g·kWh⁻1) increased under low-load and transient operating conditions, indicating incomplete combustion behavior. CO2 emissions varied with engine load and fuel utilization characteristics, whereas SO2 emissions remained comparatively low due to the use of ultra-low sulfur fuel. The results indicate a strong relationship between transient engine loading and pollutant emission behavior, highlighting the importance of load-resolved emission factors for improving harbor emission inventories and supporting evidence-based environmental management in port areas.