Deep Unsupervised Learning for Indoor Fire Detection Using Wi-Fi Signals

Mostofi S., OKUR F. Y., ALTUNIŞIK A. C., Taciroğlu E.

Fire, cilt.9, sa.5, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 9 Sayı: 5
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.3390/fire9050189
  • Dergi Adı: Fire
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Directory of Open Access Journals, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest)
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: autoencoders, Channel State Information (CSI), CNN-LSTM, fire detection, unsupervised deep anomaly detection, Wi-Fi
  • Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

This study proposes a sensor-free approach for indoor fire detection that leverages existing Wi-Fi infrastructure as a passive sensing modality. By extracting Channel State Information (CSI) from prevalent 802.11n Wi-Fi signals and applying an unsupervised deep anomaly detection model, the approach conceptualizes the wireless environment as a sensorless detection field capable of identifying combustion-induced perturbations without requiring any physical sensors. CSI data were collected in both normal and flame-induced states under three combustion conditions (gasoline, wood, plastic), each introducing unique signal perturbations. These data, which exhibit diverse signal perturbations, were used as input to four unsupervised deep anomaly detection architectures: a variational autoencoder (VAE), a 1D convolutional autoencoder (CNN-AE), a long short-term memory autoencoder (LSTM-AE), and a hybrid CNN-LSTM autoencoder. Each architecture was trained exclusively on baseline data to learn compact latent representations of normal signal patterns. Among the evaluated architectures, CNN-AE achieved perfect detection across all scenarios, showing high responsiveness to signal disruptions. LSTM-AE tracks prolonged combustion but struggles with fast-onset anomalies. VAE maintains low error during baseline but misses sharp deviations. These findings validate that Wi-Fi CSI encodes latent combustion features. The method requires no additional sensors and operates on existing signals, enabling scalable smart building integration via lightweight software updates.