Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
BULLETIN OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, cilt.22, sa.11, ss.5835-5862, 2024 (SCI-Expanded)
In the year 1999, two devastating earthquakes (Mw 7.4 Kocaeli earthquake in August and Mw 7.2 D & uuml;zce earthquake in November) occurred in Northwest T & uuml;rkiye. These two earthquakes led to a very large number of casualties and building collapses. When the 1999 earthquakes occurred, most of the structures in the earthquake-impacted region were not designed according to modern seismic design codes. During the 25 years following those earthquakes, there have been significant advances in building construction in the light of earthquake engineering, including adequate seismic codes, new regulations, and effective code enforcement in the earthquake impacted region. These advances have been reflected in the construction of new structures in the region and the retrofitting of existing ones. As a result, 70-80% of the current building stock in D & uuml;zce was designed, constructed, or retrofitted after the 1999 earthquakes. Almost 23 years later, in 2022, an Mw 6.1 earthquake occurred in D & uuml;zce, with ground shaking close to the seismic design code life safety performance level. The 2022 earthquake provided a great opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness and consequences of the advances in earthquake engineering and the relevant policy-making and regulations. This paper provides a comparative overview of the 1999 and 2022 earthquakes that struck the city of D & uuml;zce in terms of hazard, vulnerability, and consequences. Furthermore, other key lessons learned from the 2022 D & uuml;zce earthquake are documented based on field reconnaissance and numerical simulations. The lessons learned are expected to provide useful guidance for the reconstruction efforts after the 2023 Kahramanmara & scedil; T & uuml;rkiye earthquake sequence or in similar efforts in other parts of the world.