A novel fractional order delay-based PIR controller concept to enhance frequency regulation of a PV-reheat thermal power system under non-linearity and cyber attack

Şahin E., ÇAVDAR B.

Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol.123, 2025 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 123
  • Publication Date: 2025
  • Doi Number: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2025.110240
  • Journal Name: Computers and Electrical Engineering
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Aerospace Database, Applied Science & Technology Source, Communication Abstracts, Compendex, Computer & Applied Sciences, INSPEC, Metadex, zbMATH, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Keywords: Communication time delay, Derivative free approach, Fractional order delay, Fractional order PIR design, Jellyfish optimizer, Opal-RT, PIR controller, Resonance cyber attack
  • Karadeniz Technical University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

Maintaining the balance between generation and consumption in power systems is crucial for ensuring reliable and stable electrical energy delivery to consumers. This balance in power systems is achieved by load frequency control (LFC). Increasing electric energy consumption and the distribution of renewable energy sources in the power system means a more challenging process for LFC. In this context, this paper addresses the LFC problem in a two-area PV-Reheat thermal power system with renewable energy sources. In this paper, a derivative-free approach for the LFC problem, the proportional-integral-retarded (PIR), and a novel improved controller, the fractional-order PIR (FOPIR), are applied for the first time. In order to achieve the optimal tuning of PIR and FOPIR parameters, the jellyfish search optimizer (JSO) method is employed. The efficacy of the developed FOPIR is validated through a comparative analysis of reported controllers in the recent literature and PIR, considering the effect of system parameter uncertainty, loading conditions, resonance cyber attack (RsA), and communication time delay (CTD). Furthermore, the practicability of the proposed controllers is validated through an OPAL-RT-based real-time simulator. The results of the performance tests demonstrate that the FOPIR exhibits enhanced dynamic response and robustness under considered cases when compared to alternative techniques, including the PIR controller. It is evidenced that improvements in the objective function of up to 17% are obtained by comparing FOPIR with fractional degree controllers and up to 20% when comparing PIR to its three nearest competitors.