Real-time implementation of a synergistic HEMS framework: Integrating meta-heuristic demand side management and CVR-based voltage control for enhanced residential energy efficiency
APPLIED ENERGY, cilt.426, ss.1-21, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 426
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128659
- Dergi Adı: APPLIED ENERGY
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Compendex, Environment Index, Geobase, INSPEC, Public Affairs Index
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1-21
- Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Traditional home energy management systems (HEMS) typically treat Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR)-based Voltage Control Strategies (VCS) and Demand Side Management (DSM) mechanisms as independent operational layers. Although a limited number of studies have investigated the integration of CVR and DSM, the experimental realization and high-resolution empirical validation of a synergistic HEMS framework integrating hardware-level voltage control with meta-heuristic demand-side management (DSM) in a residential test environment under controlled operating conditions have not been sufficiently addressed in the existing literature. This study addresses this gap by proposing an integrated HEMS architecture aimed at simultaneously improving the active power demand profile, harmonic performance, and the residential electricity cost. The experimental process was conducted in a test environment comprising 35 different household appliances with realistic user constraints, utilizing measurements with one-second resolution. The proposed methodology relies on a three-stage validation process: (i) analysis of the impact of a physically implemented VCS on electrical dynamics at 230 V and 208 V voltage levels compared to a 240 V reference scenario, (ii) design of a user-comfort-aware, PAR- and cost-oriented load shifting schedule using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms (SDO, AOA, and JS), and (iii) empirical validation of the synergistic scenario, where the optimized load profile is physically implemented under the 208 V CVR regime. The experimental findings demonstrate that the integrated VCS-DSM strategy yields a substantial 62.48% reduction in peak power demand, reduces total energy consumption by 10.37%, and achieves a 23.37% reduction in electricity cost within the tested 24-hour load scheduling scenario. Statistical analyses indicate that the proposed integrated approach increases the grid load factor (LF) by 141.4% and maintains total demand distortion (TDD) limits—which may arise from VCS operation—within IEEE 519 standards, achieving a compliance rate of 97.55%. These findings demonstrate a synergistic performance that surpasses the standalone application of the individual methods. With its real-time measurement infrastructure and comprehensive optimization framework, this study presents a practically applicable, cost-effective, and efficient energy management model for modern smart grids.